Industrial Revolution

 Industrial revolution 

a major turning point in history

the period from between 1760 to 1820 and 1840.

transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States

hand production methods to machines

unprecedented rise in the rate of population growth

change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry  and machine manufacturing

every aspect of daily life was influenced

standard of living for the general population in the western world began to increase

The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socio-economic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following:

iron  and steel.

coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum and the internal combustion engine.

new machines - spinning jenny & power loom 

a new organization of work known as the factory system,

important developments in transportation and communication

the increasing application of science to industry.

The Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1760s, largely with new developments in the textile industry.

The causes of the Industrial Revolution were complicated and remain a topic for debate. Geographic factors include Britain’s vast mineral resources. In addition to metal ores, Britain had the highest quality coal reserves known at the time, as well as abundant water power, highly productive agriculture, and numerous ports and navigable waterways.

Colonialism

Scientific Revolution in Europe

Agricultural Revolution in Britain

Geographical discoveries and world trade

Capitalism and capitalist class:

Availability of coal and iron:

he Great Smog of London, or Great Smog of 1952, was a severe air pollution event that affected London, England, in December 1952. A period of unusually cold weather, combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions, collected airborne pollutants—mostly arising from the use of coal—to form a thick layer of smog over the city. The smog caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas, Government medical reports in the weeks following the event estimated that up to 4,000 people had died as a direct result of the smog^[1] and 100,000 more were made ill by the smog's effects on the human respiratory tract. Similar incidence took place in Los Angeles. 

comment on the connection between the Industrial Revolution in England and the French Revolution in France

Seeing the success of
IR in England, the French aspired to have similar success in France. France under
various philosophers of the time like Robespierre and his Jacobian club gained
knowledge about prosperity coming to England. This all led to demand for equal
rights and overthrowing of Bourbon dynasty and the
inefficient emperor Louis XVI , clergy and noblemen dominance in society

How did the new middle class transform the social structure of Great Britain during industrialisation? 

With the advent of industrial revolution in the 18th century and it’s after effects, a new class rose to power in Britain, The merchants and the Middle Class. 

opposed to the aristocracy, worked hard to gain wealth. 

changed social structure 

educated, aware of rights,so spearheaded various reforms

fought for political equality in society and lead to reform act 1832 and 1867 which increased the political voice of people. • 

raised voice against exploitative working condition in industries, long working hours, child labour etc

women empowerment; demanded voting rights to women. •

growth of education sectors, technical colleges, universities, schools and further growth of science and technology. 

Increased purchasing power gave push to the demand of consumer goods and better services-------+ economic growth. • 

identity and spirit of nationalism evolved which furthered the growth of colonialism and lead to world wars. •

 questioned the rationality behind everything and supported scientific thinking. • 

Rise of the wealthy middle class paved way for an open society with mobility among classes. • 

Rise of factories brought a large number of workers to the cities, away from their families, resulting in a shift from joint to nuclear families. • 

End of Feudalism: The feudal lords were no longer in charge of the society. 

The common man was not subservient any more. 

He earned his bread without being answerable to the aristocracy.

The population migrated from the rural to urban areas and became wage earners. They established trade unions, workers unions etc. hence a different social circle was established. •

The ease of transportation made geographical discoveries easier. This broadened the horizon of trade for the merchants. 

However, these also lead to the development of some negative externalities • 

Crowding of Urban areas due to huge migration towards them creating issues of sanitation, water and dwelling places. • 

Exploitation of industrial worker intensified with huge demand of consumer products. • 

Rise of colonialism due to rise in imperialistic ambitions and more materialism • 

Thus, these developments led to a well-established middle class that rejected the authority of aristocrats and established themselves as a strong pillar of the New Britain